http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/lsd/marks.htm ...is an ON LINE version in case you can't find a copy to read or purchase.
The main uses of this book for psycho-electronic experimentees are:
This book shows clearly that morally bankrupt people in positions of authority are not particularly rare, and the moral bankruptcy extends even to torturing fellow citizens.
Top Bibliographic Info Start of Tables Section Table 1: Program Code Names Table 2: People Table 3: Glossary Table 4: Quotes Showing Experimenters' Attitudes Table 5: Intelligence-Media Connections Table 6: Origins of Street Theater and "Pranks" List of Participating Institutions Office of Research and Development, CIA, which is the Agency division most likely connected with the current exotic "mind weapons" and associated tactics THE SEARCH FOR THE MANCHURIAN CANDIDATE THE CIA AND MIND CONTROL THE SECRET HISTORY OF THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Copyright 1979, John Marks Paperback, 264 pages, $10.00 US, W.W. Norton & Company Inc. Hard to find but available if you try (or try a library) ISBN 0-393-30794-8 IMPORTANT: There is another book titled "The Manchurian Candidate" by author Richard Condon. That book was FICTION, but the book by John Marks, who was a staff member for State Department Intelligence, who worked hand in hand with the CIA, is non-fiction. INTRODUCTION: (page vii) " 'Our guiding light is not the Hippocratic Oath', a doctor working for the Central Intelligence Agency told a classroom full of recruits back in the mid-1960s, 'but the victory of freedom' " AUTHOR'S NOTE: (page ix) "This book has grown out of 16,000 pages of documents that the CIA released to me under the Freedom of Information Act. Without these documents, the best investigative reporting in the world could not have produced a book, and the secrets of CIA mind control would have remained buried forever, as the men who knew them had obviously intended. From the documentary base, I was able to expand my knowledge through interviews and readings in the behavioral sciences. Nevertheless, the final result is not the whole story of the CIA's attack on the mind. Only a few insiders could have written that, and they choose to remain silent. I have done the best I can to make the book as accurate as possible, but I have been hampered by the refusal of most of the principal characters to be interviewed and by the CIA's destruction in 1973 of many of the key documents."Top
TABLE 1: PROGRAM CODE NAMES |
|
| BLUEBIRD page 24 |
Started 1950, "Security Chief Sheffield Edwards, a former Army colonel who a decade later would personally handle joint CIA-Mafia operations...", "...would use the teams to check out agents and defectors for the whole CIA.", "Each team would consist of a psychiatrist, a polygraph (lie detector) expert trained in hypnosis, and a technician." |
| ARTICHOKE page 31 |
"Between 1950 and 1952, responsibility for mind control went from the Office of Security to the Scientific Intelligence unit back to Security again. In the process, BLUEBIRD was rechristened ARTICHOKE." See BLUEBIRD above for the purpose of the ARTICHOKE program. |
| MKULTRA page 60 - 61 |
"On April 3, 1953, Helms proposed to Director Allen Dulles
that the CIA set up a program under Gottlieb for 'covert
use biological and chemical materials.' Helms made it clear
htat the Agency could use these methods in 'present and future
clandestine operations' " Eleanor White's note: Although
MKULTRA started as 'biological and chemical' and officially
ran for only 11 years, other research spun off from this
core program. See ORD and it's work in
Table 3: Glossary.
"He [Allen Dulles] approved an initial budget of $300,000 exempted from normal CIA financial controls, and allowed TSS to start up research projects 'without the signing of contracts or other written agreements.' Dulles ordered the Agency's bookkeepers to pay the costs blindly...' " "Sid Gottlieb later testified that the purpose of these programs was 'to investigate whether and how it was possible to modify an individual's behavior by covert means.' " |
| MKDELTA page 61 |
"Under the code name MKDELTA, the Clandestine Services had set up procedures the year before [1953] to govern the use of CBW [chemical and biological warfare] products." |
| MKNAOMI page 61 |
"Also in 1952, TSS had made an agreement with the Special Operations Division (SOD) of the Army's biological research center at Fort Detrick, Maryland whereby SOD would produce germ warfare weapons for the CIA's use..." |
| CASTIGATE page 40 - 41 |
[Summer of 1952] "...the CIA men agreed to furnish the human beings - in Germany - even though they had no idea what [Dr. G. Richard] Wendt had in store for his guinea pigs. The CIA named the operation CASTIGATE." [Eleanor White: This project was another involuntary drug testing project, like ARTICHOKE.] |
| CHATTER page 38, 40 |
[p 38] "...a highly classified Navy program called project
CHATTER.", "...CHATTER's goals of weakening, if not
eliminating free will in others. The Navy program,
which started in 1947, was aimed at developing a truth
drug..."
[p 40] "The drugs were to be tested on involuntary subjects. [Dr. Samuel] Thompson readily admits that this procedure was 'unethical', but he says, 'We felt we had to do it for the good of the country.' " |
| MKSEARCH page 211 |
"In June 1964, MKULTRA became MKSEARCH." |
| THIRD CHANCE page 67 |
"Army researchers, as usual running about five year behind the CIA, became interested in the sustained use of LSD as interrogation device during 1961 field tests (called Operation THIRD CHANCE). The Army men tested the drug in Europe on nine foreigners and one American, a black soldier named James Thornwell, accused of stealing classified documents. While Thornwell was reacting to the drug under extremely stressful conditions, his captors threatened 'to extend the state indefinitely, even to a condition of permanent insanity." |
Top
Bibliographic Info
Start of Tables Section
Table 1: Program Code Names
Table 2: People
Table 3: Glossary
Table 4: Quotes Showing Experimenters' Attitudes
Table 5: Intelligence-Media Connections
Table 6: Origins of Street Theater and "Pranks"
List of Participating Institutions
Office of Research and Development, CIA, which is the
Agency division most closely connected with the current exotic "mind
weapons" and associated tactics
TABLE 2: PEOPLE |
|
| JOHN MARKS page xi |
"Before joining the Foreign Service in 1965, Marks had graduated from Cornell, embarking on a personal odyssey in many ways typical of the last generation of American college students for whom Vietnam had once been only a geographical place name. Classified 1A by his local draft board two years later, Marks volunteered for State Department duty in Vietnam, where he spent 18 months working in the pacification program.", "By the middle of the year [1968] Marks was back in Washington where he was assigned as a staff assistant to the Director of Intelligence and Research, Ray Cline. Every Thursday he accompanied Cline to meetings of the United States Intelligence Board on the 7th floor of the CIA's headquarters in Langley, Virginia just outside Washington." |
| GEORGE ESTABROOKS page 20 - 21 |
"...there were a handful of serious experimenters in the field [mind control] who believed in [hypnotism's] military potential. The most vocal partisan of this view was the head of the Psychology Department at Colgate University, George "Esty" Estabrooks. Since the 1930s, Estabrooks had periodically ventured out of his sleepy upstate campus to advise the military on applications of hypnotism.", "[Estabrooks] felt that government sanction of the process would relieve the hypnotist of personal responsibility. 'Any accidents that might occur during the experiments will simply be charged to profit and loss', he wrote, 'a very trifling portion of the enormous wastage in human life which is part and parcel of war.' " |
| JOHN ANGLETON page 202 |
"In June 1960 TSS officials launched an expanded program of operational experiments in hypnosis in cooperation with the Agency's Counterintelligence Staff.", "...James Angleton ... took on some of the Agency's most sensitive missions (including the illegal Agency spying against domestic dissidents)." |
| JOHN GITTINGER page 19 |
"... a young Oklahoma psychologist John Gittinger, who would rise in the CIA on the strength of his ideas about how to make a hard science out of personality assessment and how to use it to manipulate people." |
Top
Bibliographic Info
Start of Tables Section
Table 1: Program Code Names
Table 2: People
Table 3: Glossary
Table 4: Quotes Showing Experimenters' Attitudes
Table 5: Intelligence-Media Connections
Table 6: Origins of Street Theater and "Pranks"
List of Participating Institutions
Office of Research and Development, CIA, which is the
Agency division most closely connected with the current exotic "mind
weapons" and associated tactics
TABLE 3: GLOSSARY |
|
| MANCHURIAN CANDIDATE page 9 |
Footnote: "The term "Manchurian Candidate" came into the language in 1959 when [fiction] author Richard Condon made it the title of his best-selling novel that later became a popular movie starring Laurence Harvey and Frank Sinatra. The story was about a joint Soviet-Chinese plot to take an American soldier captured in Korea, condition him at a special brainwashing center located in Manchuria, and create a remote-controlled assassin who was supposed to kill the President of the United States." |
| NUREMBURG CODE page 11 |
"The judges at Nuremburg rejected such defenses and put
forth what came to be known as the 'Nuremburg Code on
Scientific Research'. Its main points were simple:
Researchers must obtain full voluntary consent from all
subjects; experiments should yield fruitful results for
the good of society that can be obtained no other way;
researchers should not conduct tests where death or
serious injury might occur, 'except perhaps' when the
supervising doctors also serve as subjects."
See also on this site: nurm.htm |
| ORD (OFFICE OF RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT) page 224 - 228 |
[Eleanor White's words:]
A component of Directorate of Science and Technology.
Headed by Dr. Stephen Aldrich in the early 60s.
Within this book, the ORD apparently delved in to
technologies that closely relate to the current in-home,
in-community psycho-electronic experimentation going on
today (1990s and beyond):
|
| SAFEHOUSE page 99 |
[Eleanor White's words based on the book's text:] Apartments or houses used by CIA or their contractors to carry on experiments on unwitting members of the public. (In fact, some of the UNsafest places possible.) |
| TSS page 59 |
"... the Technical Services Staff (TSS)...", "TSS was the direct lineal descendant of Stanley Lovell's Research and Development unit in the OSS." |
| TERMINAL EXPERIMENT page 34 - 35 |
"Morse Allen believed it proved little or nothing to experiment
on volunteers who gave their informed consent. For all their efforts
to act naturally, volunteers still knew they were playing in a make
believe game.", "Allen felt that only by testing subjects 'for whom
much is at stake (perhaps life and death),' as he wrote, could he get
reliable results relevant to operations.", "Allen and his co-workers
called such realistic experiments 'TERMINAL EXPERIMENTS' -- terminal
in the sense that the experiment would be carried through to completion."
[Eleanor White's note: Meaning death was not required.]
"By definition, terminal experiments went beyond conventional ethical and legal limits." |
Top
Bibliographic Info
Start of Tables Section
Table 1: Program Code Names
Table 2: People
Table 3: Glossary
Table 4: Quotes Showing Experimenters' Attitudes
Table 5: Intelligence-Media Connections
Table 6: Origins of Street Theater and "Pranks"
List of Participating Institutions
Office of Research and Development, CIA, which is the
Agency division most closely connected with the current exotic "mind
weapons" and associated tactics
TABLE 4: QUOTES SHOWING EXPERIMENTERS' ATTITUDES |
|
| ALLEN DULLES & RICHARD HELMS page 52 |
"...the [CIA] operators and their high level sponsors,
like Allen Dulles and Richard Helms, consistently pushed
for the magic technique - deus ex machina - that
would solve their problems.", "They dreamed of finding
means to make unwilling people carry out specific tasks,
such as stealing documents, provoking a fight, killing
someone, or otherwise committing an antisocial act."
[Eleanor White: It would seem they have finally succeeded, given the array of "machinae" that are in use today.] |
| "ARTICHOKE" EXPERIMENTEE SEARCH page 33, 35 |
[p 33] "The matter was even more troublesome in the task of obtaining
guinea pigs for mind control experiments. 'Our biggest current
problem [early 50s]', noted one CIA memo, 'is to find suitable
subjects.' ", "... were mostly the dregs of the
clandestine world [individuals of dubious loyalty, non-American]
to work on."
[p 35] "Any [non-CIA-sponsored] professional caught trying the kinds of things the Agency came to sponsor - holding subjects prisoner, shooting them full of unwanted drugs - probably would have been arrested for kidnapping or aggravated assault.", "Yet, by performing the same experiment under the CIA's banner, he had no worry from the law." |
| "ARTICHOKE" TALENT SEARCH page 33 |
"During the talent search, another CIA memo stated why another doctor seemed suitable: 'His ethics are such that he would be completely cooperative in any phase of our program, regardless of how revolutionary it may be.' |
| CIA-GENERAL page 23, 25 |
[p 23]"CIA officials started preliminary work on drugs and
hypnosis shortly after the Agency's creation in 1947..."
[p 25] "Nearly every Agency document stressed goals like 'controlling the individual to the point where he will do our bidding against his will and even against such fundamental laws of nature as self preservation.' " |
| CIA-SECURITY OFFICE page 28 |
[1952] "Similarly the [CIA] Security Office planned to use outside
consultants to find out about such techniques as ultrasonics,
vibrations, concussions, high and low pressure, the uses of
various gases in airtight chambers, diet variations, caffeine,
fatigue, radiation, heat and cold, and changing light. Agency
officials looked into all these areas and many others."
[Eleanor White's words: Reads like a catalogue of many of the current in-home/in-community experimental effects.] |
| COUNTER- INTELLIGENCE page 202 |
[~1960] "The Counterintelligence program had three goals: (1) to induce hypnosis very rapidly in unwitting subjects; (2) to create durable amnesia; and (3) to implant durable and operationally useful posthypnotic suggestion. The Agency released no information on any 'field experimentation' of the latter two goals, which of cours are the building blocks of the Manchurian Candidate. Agency officials provided only one heavily censored document on the first goal, rapid induction." |
| EWEN CAMERON page 141 - 142 |
"He had headed Allan Memorial since 1943, when the Rockefeller
Foundation had donated funds to set up a psychiatric facility
at McGill University.", "...was elected President of the American
Psychiatric Association in 1953,", "...the CIA was supporting
his work with about $19,000 a year in secret funds.", "Here was
a psychiatrist willing - indeed, eager - to wipe the human mind
totally clean. Back in 1951, ARTICHOKE's Morse Allen had likened
the process to 'creation of a vegetable' ".
[p 143] "The frequent screams of patients that echoed through the hospital did not deter Cameron or most of his associates in their attempts to 'depattern' [erase the minds of] their subjects completely." [p 146] "...at McGill with Canadian defense and Rockefeller money. It consisted of putting a subject in a sealed environment - a small room or even a large box - and depriving him of all sensory input: eyes covered with goggles, ears either covered with muffs or exposed to a constant, monontonous sound, padding to prevent touching, no smells -..." [Eleanor White: Dr. Ewen Cameron's work at McGill on 52 unwitting patients resulted in a successful law suit against the CIA on behalf of eight of them. See on this site: anat-1.htm] |
| GEORGE WHITE page 99 |
"He was a law enforcement officer who regularly violated the law. Indeed, the CIA turned to him because of his willingness to use the power of his office [Federal Narcotics Agent] to ride roughshod over the rights of others -- in the name of 'national security'.", "As yet another close associate summed up White's attitude towards his job, 'He really believed the ends justified the means." |
| "HEALTH ALTERATION COMMITTEE" page 81 |
"Brucellosis may well have been the disease that Gottlieb
selected in the spring of 1960 when the Clandestine Services'
Health Alteration Committee approved an operation to
disable an Iraqi colonel..."
[Eleanor White: From the amount of artificially imposed ill health experienced by psycho-electronic experimentees, obvious some sort of "Health Alteration Committee" exists somewhere in the contemporary perp organization.] |
| HERBERT HOOVER COMMISSION page 30 |
The CIA's attitudes toward experimental ethics were not all
new. "A secret study commission under former President
Hoover captured the spirit of the call to clandestine warfare:
[Hoover's commission said:] It is now clear we are facing an implacable enemy whose avowed objective is world domination by whatever means and at whatever cost. There are no rules in such a game. Hitherto acceptable longstanding American concepts of "fair play" must be reconsidered. We must develop effective espionage and counterespionage services and must learn to subvert, sabotage, and destroy enemies by more clever, more sophisticated, and more effective methods than those used against us." |
| JAMES HAMILTON page 215 |
"Hamilton ... had been used as a west coast supervisor for Gottlieb ... working on everything from psychochemicals to kinky sex to carbon dioxide inhalation.", "[Carried out at Vacaville] 'clinical testing of behavioral control materials' on inmates." |
| JOHN LILLY" page 152 |
"...Lilly invented a special 'tank'. Subjects floated in a tank
of body-temperature water, wearing a face mask that provided air
but cut off sight and sound.", "Could involuntary subjects be
placed in the tank and broken down to the point where their belief
systems or personalities could be altered?"
[Eleanor White: Our member Blanche Chavoustie personally experienced this horror while kidnapped in upper New York state.] |
| MAFIA page 204 |
[~1960] "By going to the Mafia for hitmen, CIA officials in any case found killers who had a built-in amnesia mechanism that had nothing to do with hypnosis." |
| MILTON KLINE page 204 |
"Hypnosis expert Milton Kline says he could create a patsy [a person whom could be controlled to the point of committing a serious crime] in three months; an assassin would take six." |
| MKULTRA DOCTORS page 111 |
"In these [drugging experiments in foreign countries] operations,
the CIA men sometimes brought in local doctors for reasons that
had nothing to do with the welfare of the patient. Instead, the
doctor's role was to certify the apparent insanity of the victim
who had been unwittingly dosed with [LSD or BZ]. If a doctor
were to prescribe hospitalization or other severe treatment, the
effect on the subject could be devastating. He would suffer not
only from the experience itself, including possible confinement
in a mental institution, but also the social stigma. In most
countries, even the suggestion of mental problems severely
damages an individual's professional and personal standing.",
" 'It's an old technique', says an MKULTRA veteran. 'You
neutralize someone by having their constituency doubt them.' "
[p 105] "If we were scared enough of a drug not to try it out on ourselves, we sent it to [the experimental 'safehouse' in] San Francisco." [Eleanor White: San Francisco was where a great deal of experimenting on unwitting people "off the street" was carried out.] |
| RETIRED CIA CASE OFFICER page 49 |
"I never gave a thought to legality or morality. Frankly, I did what worked." |
| RICHARD HELMS page 13 - 14 |
"One of [General Wild Bill] Donovan's new recruits was [later CIA Director] Richard Helms, a young newspaper executive then best known for having gained an interview with Adolf Hitler in 1936 while working for the United Press.", "He would become the most important sponsor of mind-control research within the CIA, nurturing and promoting it throughout his steady climb to the top position in the Agency." |
| ROCKEFELLER COMMISSION page 220 |
[1974] "The [MKULTRA] drug program was part of a much larger CIA program to study possible means for controlling human behavior. Other studies explored the effects of radiation, electric shock, psychology, psychiatry, sociology and harassment substances." [Eleanor White: Delicately avoiding the issue of devices which transmit signals through space.] |
| SIDNEY GOTTLIEB page 105 |
"As a matter of policy, Sid Gottlieb ordered that virtually no records be kept of the [MKULTRA drug] testing." |
| YURI NOSENKO [THE VICTIM] page 154 - 156 |
[February 1964: KGB official Yuri Nosenko defects] "...CIA men
had guards watch over Nosenko day and night, giving him not a moment
of privacy ... He was allowed nothing to read, not even the labels
on toothpaste boxes. When he tried to distract himself by making
a chess set from pieces of lint in his cell, the guards ... swept
the area clean. Nosenko had no window, and he was eventually put
in a specially built 12' x 12' steel bank vault."
"For more than three years - 1,277 days to be exact - Agency officers kpet Nosenko in solitary confinement." [Eleanor White: This same singleness-of-purpose is reported by the members of our psycho-electronic in-home, in-community experimentee group. Nosenko's treatment definitely rings a bell with us.] |
Top
Bibliographic Info
Start of Tables Section
Table 1: Program Code Names
Table 2: People
Table 3: Glossary
Table 4: Quotes Showing Experimenters' Attitudes
Table 5: Intelligence-Media Connections
Table 6: Origins of Street Theater and "Pranks"
List of Participating Institutions
Office of Research and Development, CIA, which is the
Agency division most closely connected with the current exotic "mind
weapons" and associated tactics
TABLE 5: INTELLIGENCE-MEDIA CONNECTIONS |
|
| RICHARD HELMS page 13 |
"One of [General Wild Bill] Donovan's new recruits was [later CIA Director] Richard Helms, a young newspaper executive then best known for having gained an interview with Adolf Hitler in 1936 while working for the United Press." |
| WILLIAM CASEY page -- |
Eleanor White: Though not mentioned in this book, an early CIA mogul, William Casey, was apparently a journalistic mogul as well. When I find specific evidence I will post the reference here. |
Top
Bibliographic Info
Start of Tables Section
Table 1: Program Code Names
Table 2: People
Table 3: Glossary
Table 4: Quotes Showing Experimenters' Attitudes
Table 5: Intelligence-Media Connections
Table 6: Origins of Street Theater and "Pranks"
List of Participating Institutions
Office of Research and Development, CIA, which is the
Agency division most closely connected with the current exotic "mind
weapons" and associated tactics
TABLE 6: ORIGINS OF STREET THEATER & "PRANKS"Although not strictly "street theater", the "practical joke" type of bodily effects below are included too for compactness. |
|
| "PRANK" CHEMICALS page 17 |
"[Stanley Lovell and his associates] ...came up with a line of products to cause sickness, itching, baldness, diarrhea, and/or the odor thereof." |
| WHO? ME? page 15 |
[OSS, World War II] "Unlike most weapons, 'Who? Me?' was not designed to kill or maim. It was a 'harassment substance' designed to lower the morale of individual Japanese.", "It was loaded into collapsible tubes, flown to China, and distributed to children in enemy occupied cities. When a Japanese officer appeared on a crowded street, the kids were encouraged to slip up behind him and squirt the liquid on the seat of his pants. [Stanley] Lovell named the product 'Who? Me?' and he credited it with costing the Japanese 'face'." |
| MKULTRA/ MKSEARCH page 211 |
"Gottlieb ... moved 18 subprojects back into regular Agency funding channels, including ones dealing with the sneezing powders, stink bombs, and other 'harassment substances'. TSS officials had encouraged the development of these as a way to make a target physically uncomfortable and hence to cause short-range changes in his behavior." |
Top
Bibliographic Info
Start of Tables Section
Table 1: Program Code Names
Table 2: People
Table 3: Glossary
Table 4: Quotes Showing Experimenters' Attitudes
Table 5: Intelligence-Media Connections
Table 6: Origins of Street Theater and "Pranks"
List of Participating Institutions
Office of Research and Development, CIA, which is the
Agency division most closely connected with the current exotic "mind
weapons" and associated tactics
Top
Bibliographic Info
Start of Tables Section
Table 1: Program Code Names
Table 2: People
Table 3: Glossary
Table 4: Quotes Showing Experimenters' Attitudes
Table 5: Intelligence-Media Connections
Table 6: Origins of Street Theater and "Pranks"
List of Participating Institutions
Office of Research and Development, CIA, which is the
Agency division most closely connected with the current exotic "mind
weapons" and associated tactics
Remember too that our group's MKULTRA survivor members can back up the institutional kidnapping and torture with first hand testimony, so institutional participation is backed up by more than this book itself.
A footnote on page 211 reads: "At the 1977 Senate hearings, CIA Director Stansfield Turner summed up some of MKULTRA's accomplishments over its 11-year [??] existence: The program contracted out work to 80 institutions, which included 44 colleges or universities, 15 research facilities or private companies, 12 hospitals or clinics, and 3 penal institutions."
ALPHABETICAL Site index page
SUBJECT Site index page